Changeover time Changeover time must be displayed by everyone to see. Knowing the remaining or estimated time to job completion will enable operators to determine when to start internal set-up procedures. These are processes that can be handled during operation or runtime, and is considered one very effective tool of minimizing changeover time. ) Productivity concepts Most of these concepts relate to productivity as a relationship between output and input to the studied systems. It contains variables and other inter-relationships within the precise group it belongs to (office, manufacturing plant, machinery systems, etc). It is also regarded as a stimulus-response model that an input causes an output. As of the present, however, labor productivity is simply another statistic number reported in government agencies. The interest in this number is hinged only on the belief that it is related to a number of things important to economists and government policy-makers. It is thought to be connected to overall economic growth, real per capita income growth, and inflation. An example would be as follows: As relative wages change, firms substitute between different types of workers. This in turn changes the average productivity of the workforce. This composition effect is often referred to as a change in labor quality. Estimates of labor hours are relatively easy to compute by simply adding up the hours worked of all types of workers. In labor, for example, it is typically a measure of output per labor-hour. One area of great concern to industrialists and capitalists is related to labor productivity and the impact of the many factors around it workplace practices, the advent of computers, capital infusion, education and training, and many others. He combined this with quantitative comparisons among developed and developing economies during the postwar period. Same topic Without knowledge of each other s work, both authors worked independently on their books without any connection from one another. Evidence of this was the total absence of cross-references between their works.